Eng:Scratch

__INDEX__ Scratch is a free educational programming language that was developed by the Lifelong Kindergarten Group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) with over 29 million registered users and 33 million shared projects. The current version, 3.0, can be downloaded here (the previous version, Scratch 2.0, can be downloaded here) or accessed with the online editor here. It is geared towards kids ages to 8-16 and grades 2nd grade to high school.

Scratch is designed to be fun, educational, and easy to learn. It has tools for creating interactive stories, games, art, simulations, and more, using block-based programming. Scratch even has its own paint editor and sound editor built-in.

Users program in Scratch by dragging blocks from the block palette and attaching them to other blocks like a jigsaw puzzle. Structures of multiple blocks are called scripts. This method of programming (building code with blocks) is referred to as "drag-and-drop programming".

The URL of the Scratch Website is https://scratch.mit.edu.

History
Scratch was in development starting in 2003 and was released to the public in 2007. Scratch 1.0, the first version, was very similar to Scratch 1.4. At that time, only the offline editor existed; the website was a small blog where projects could be uploaded and played. As Scratch grew, the website was made larger. Scratch 1.1, Scratch 1.2, Scratch 1.3, and Scratch 1.4 were released. At this point, Scratch had millions of users and projects, and a lot of new features.

Upon the release of Scratch 2.0 in 2013, the website and User Interface were changed, and an online editor was released. Scratch continued to grow, achieving 30 million users and projects. Scratch 3.0 was released in 2019.

Uses
Scratch is used in schools around the world as a means of introducing basic computer programming to children. It is also used outside of schools. Some teachers even use Teacher Accounts to monitor students while having fun in the Scratch Community. Children and even adults gain an understanding of the fundamentals of programming with Scratch and often move on to other programming languages. During their use of Scratch, people can create, remix, and collaborate with others on Scratch projects.

Environment
In designing the language, the creators' main priority was to make the language and development environment simple, intuitive and easily learnable by children who had no previous programming experience. There is a strong contrast between the powerful multimedia functions and multi-threaded programming style and the rather limited scope of the Scratch programming language.

The user interface for the Scratch development environment divides the screen into several panes: in the left is the blocks palette, in the middle the scripts area, and on the right the stage and sprite list. The blocks palette has code fragments (called "blocks") that can be dragged onto the scripts area from the palette to make programs. To keep the palette from displaying a lot of blocks and for ease of use, it is organized into nine groups of blocks: motion, looks, sound, control, events, sensing, operators, variables, and more blocks.

Origin of the Word
"Scratch" was used as the title for The Lifelong Kindergarten Group's programming language, as it is to do with "scratching" referring to music. "Scratching is a DJ or turntablist technique used to produce distinctive sounds by moving a vinyl record back and forth on a turntable while optionally manipulating the crossfader on a DJ mixer."

- Wikipedia

Likewise, within Scratch, you take different bits of code (blocks), put them together, and have made something new. "We take the name "Scratch," from the way that hip-hop disk jockeys scratch with music. They take pieces of music and then combine them together in unexpected and creative ways."

- Mitchell Resnick, Lifelong Kindergarten Group at MIT

Variants of the Word
The word "Scratch" has spawned other phrases that have become popular amongst users of Scratch:
 * Scratcher A user of Scratch
 * Scratching A verb which means to use Scratch
 * Scratched A project that is an attempted replica of another game. e.g. "Pac-man Scratched"
 * Scratch Time The timezone that the forums are set in (EST/EDT)
 * Scratch Team The moderators and developers of the website.
 * Scratch On! A phrase coined by the Scratch Team, and used by them (although has been adapted by other Scratchers as well) to encourage users, meaning "carry on using Scratch"

Motto
Scratch's motto is "Imagine, Program, Share". This follows the basic principle of creating a project: one comes up with an idea ("Imagine"), programs the idea in Scratch ("Program"), and then publishes it in the community ("Share"). Since the release of Scratch 2.0, the motto has been less apparent throughout the website; the front page no longer has the motto but instead a description of what Scratch is.

Versions
Scratch is currently on version 3.0. The online editor was officially released on January 2, 2019, and the offline editor on [date not available]. Its predecessor is Scratch 2.0, which was released on May 9, 2013. The previous, older versions are Scratch 1.4, Scratch 1.3, Scratch 1.2, Scratch 1.1, and Scratch 1.0. Each version had significant changes, especially the jump from 2.0 to 3.0. Not only did the program update with version 2.0 and 3.0, but the entire website evolved.

Features

 * Scratch is Turing complete.
 * It is primarily event-driven.
 * Whether or not it is OOP is debated in the community.
 * Scratch has variables and lists for data storage, and arrays can be replicated.
 * Scratch is not atomic in repetition, though that can be simulated with Single Frame programming.
 * Scratch 2.0 does support procedures, and recursion.
 * Scratch has many simplified casting rules. Data is not, however, first-class you cannot have first-class lists, sprites, or procedures (lambda).

OS Permissions
Scratch has limited hardware/OS access and is a very safe program. The following can be accessed by Scratch:
 * Ambient volume
 * Mouse position relative to the Scratch frame
 * Key presses, only if Scratch is in focus
 * In Scratch 3.0, some movements are provided as sensor values, using a webcam for image input.
 * The filesystem can be accessed while in development, but not while running.
 * Scratch can communicate externally to a Lego WeDo set or PicoBoard plugged into your computer.

Scratch Modifications offer more OS permissions.

ScratchJr
ScratchJr is a programming language based on Scratch that utilizes visual-centric content to introduce 5 to 7 year olds (its intended audience) to the programming world. It was developed impart by some of the members of the Scratch Team, and it is available on iOS and Android as a mobile app.

Notable Information
Scratch worked with Cartoon Network to promote We Bare Bears by having Scratchers make We Bare Bears projects. Scratch's place on the Cartoon Network website is available here.

Scratch was renamed Neigh temporarily due to an April Fools Joke played by Scratch Team on 2012 as a 2.0 release joke. There were also several references incorporated from the show My Little Pony. More information is available here.

Scratch was full of projects with the well known Scratch Cat, because of ScratchCation in 2016. Scratch Team showed the note Scratch Cat left on Scratch, along with a notification. Around the same time, The Last SDS came around. Most of Scratch knew about it, making it something to reference.