View source for Zho:编程语言

{{:Eng:Programming Language/translate}}
{{NotUseful|Not relevant to scratch}}{{External Programs}}{{about|programming languages in general|the type of project that simulates a programming language|Programming Language (Project Type)}}

A '''programming language''' is a set of rules and functions that let people use computers, cell phones, tablets, and more devices. Programming languages are designed to make it easy for humans to write complex instructions. They function a lot like human languages: they have explicit grammars and a primitive vocabulary. [[Zho:Scratch|Scratch]] is a programming language.

==理论==
A programming language is a language for writing instructions for a machine. A programming language is defined by a grammar. Programming languages must be Turing-complete.

Many programming paradigms exist which focus on different design aspects. Imperative languages focus on commands and how to accomplish tasks, declerative languages dictate the rules and conditions of a task and do not specify the process of completing it, and functional languages emphasize functions which do not change state, and are guaranteed to always produce the same output for an input.

Languages usually have various primitive data types which can be expanded with Object-Oriented Programming:
*Numbers, which are parsed as numbers
**Some languages consider integers, floating-point numbers, and doubles to be different data types.
*[[Zho:字串|字串]], which are parsed as text
*[[Zho:阵列|阵列]], which are lists of elements
*Objects, which are dictionaries of key-value pairs.
*[[Zho:函式|函式]], which are pieces of code which can be executed with [[Zho:参数|参数]].

In essence, a programming language just provides a framework where a function can be executed with arguments{{-}}the rest can be worked around. Usually, the grammar of a language consists of "statements", which are either:
*Assignments: binding some value to a name ([[Zho:变量|变量]])
*Procedure calls
*Special forms: certain specialized procedures which cannot be created using the language itself, for example, IF/ELSE. The inputs to special forms are not immediately evaluated.

The syntax of a programming language gives rules about how to do each of the above. For example:

*Assignments:
**Squeak: <code>var _ val</code>
**JavaScript: <code>var = val</code>
**Scheme: <code>(SET! var val)</code>
*Procedure calls
**Squeak: <code>obj proc: arg</code>
**JavaScript: <code>proc(arg);</code>
**Scheme: <code>(proc arg)</code>
*Special forms (if, in this case)
**Squeak: <code>bool ifTrue: [something] ifFalse: [something].</code>
**JavaScript: <code>if (bool) {something;} else {something;}</code>
**Scheme: <code>(if bool something something)</code>

Scratch simplifies programming a lot by hiding all of this in blocks: all blocks are equal, there are no special forms. Of course, in reality, certain blocks are programmed completely differently as special cases. For example, the IF block needs special programming to execute the C block contents, and the WAIT UNTIL block needs special programming to escape the atomic loop. Assignment is just another block. The REPEAT UNTIL special form block repeatedly evaluates its Boolean input, then its block, input, until the former input evaluates to true. This contrasts with custom blocks, whose inputs are evaluated prior to their execution.

==Implementation==
{{In Progress|Chibi-Matoran}}
Programming languages are generally either ''interpreted'' or ''compiled'', which means they are either executed directly, or translated into another language. For example, C is compiled while Python and JavaScript are interpreted. Java is compiled into bytecode, which is interpreted by the Java Virtual Machine.

{{note|Java and JavaScript are two completely different programming languages with no relation whatsoever in grammar, semantics, creation, or uses.}}

Language implementations usually consist of the following parts:

*A lexer: This converts the program into tokens.
*A parser: This analyzes the tokens as per the context-free grammar of the language, then converts them into a data structure ([[Zho:阵列|阵列]] or [[Eng:Object-Oriented Programming|Object]]) that can easily be interpreted.
*A code optimizer: This improves the program.
*An interpreter or compiler: This "understands" the data structure and interprets it.

The lexer accepts the program as an input and tokenizes it. The programming language may have regular expressions which define tokens. The lexer's output has two parts: the lexemes, which are the different components of the program, and the tokens, which are the type of grammatical structure that the lexemes are.

The parser analyzes the tokens and lexemes produced by the lexer program and creates an abstract syntax tree (AST). The parser utilizes a context-free grammar, a set of rules which defines the nonterminals (grammatical structures consisting of tokens and nonterminals). Algorithms such as LALR or Earley may be used.

Parsing algorithms are classified into top-bottom parsing, which starts with the root node and constructs the tree to the leaves, and bottom-up parsing, which start with the tokens and work up to the root node. Bottom-up parsing consists of shifts, where the next token may be pushed onto the parse stack, and reduction, where items on the stack are found to match a production, and replaced with it.<ref>http://sites.tufts.edu/comp181/2013/10/06/shift-reduce-parsing-bottom-up-parsing/</ref> Lookahead tokens are used when whether to shift or reduce is undecided.<ref>http://www.cs.engr.uky.edu/~lewis/essays/compilers/td-parse.html</ref>

==Scratch as a Programming Language==
{{In Progress|Chibi-Matoran}}
Scratch is a block-based imperative, event-driven, dynamically-typed and interpreted programming language.
===Typing===
Scratch is dynamically-typed, meaning that whether data types agree is checked during program execution.<ref>https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E57471_01/bigData.100/extensions_bdd/src/cext_transform_typing.html</ref> Scratch's primitive data types are numbers, strings and Booleans.
===Special Forms===
Scratch's special forms are blocks which cannot be replicated using custom blocks. These blocks may reevaluate their inputs. For example, the repeat-until loop reevaluates its Boolean input before each iteration to see if the condition's value has changed.<ref>https://snap.berkeley.edu/SnapManual.pdf</ref>

==Programming languages relevant to Scratch==
===Squeak===
{{main|Smalltalk}}
Squeak was used to program the 1.x series of Scratch. It is a simple language designed to be human-readable and concise. See [[Zho:Squeak 教程|Squeak 教程]] for a simple introduction.

===Flash===
[[Wikipedia:Adobe Flash|Adobe Flash]] is a programming suite by Adobe, which was used to create [[Zho:Scratch 2.0|Scratch 2.0]]. Flash programming is done in ActionScript, a language based on ECMAScript.
===Python===
{{main|Python}}
[[Wikipedia:Python (programming language)|Python]] is a simple interpreted scripting language that is used in the Scratch 2.0 back-end ([[Eng:server|server]]-side code). The Django coding platform is used on a nginx server.<ref>http://scratch.mit.edu/discuss/post/44464/</ref> The forums run on DjangoBB, a Python library. Python is also used in many Scratch add-ons, including [[Eng:Kurt|Kurt]].

===PHP===
[[Wikipedia:PHP|PHP]] is a programming language which was used in the [[Zho:Scratch 官网|Scratch 网站的]] [[Eng:server|server]]-side code ([[Zho:ScratchR|ScratchR]]). It stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor.

===SQL===
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a database query language. This is used to store backend information on the website, such as users and forum data.
===Mongo===
Mongo is a database system that is used to store [[Zho:云端变量|云端变量]].
===Java===
[[Wikipedia:Java (programming language)|Java]] is a powerful, object oriented programming language. Java was used to write the original [[Zho:Java 播放器|Java 播放器]] for Scratch.

===JavaScript===
[[Wikipedia:JavaScript|JavaScript]] (commonly shortened to JS) is a simple programming language based on ECMAScript for web development. [[Zho:Snap!|Snap!]] is written entirely in JavaScript, and the Scratch website uses JavaScript for interactive elements. These include [[Zho:注释（网站功能）|注释]], [[Zho:专案标签|加上标签]], and editing [[Zho:专案备注|专案备注]]. In the 2.0 site, it is also used to automatically check for new [[Zho:讯息|讯息]], load [[Zho:发生什么事？|发生什么事？]] and [[Zho:Scratch 新闻|Scratch 新闻]], and quote posts in the [[Zho:Scratch 论坛|Scratch 论坛]].

== Markup Languages ==

===HTML===
[[Wikipedia:HTML|HTML]] is a web-based markup language. It is used for the layout the Scratch website and to create the [[Zho:HTML5 播放器|HTML5 播放器]].

===Cascading Style Sheets===
[[Wikipedia:Cascading Style Sheets|Cascading Style Sheets]] (commonly shortened to CSS) are a method of styling HTML documents. It is used to add color and make the site more visually appealing.

==参考==
<references/>
[[Category:Computer Science]]
[[Category:Programming Languages]]